Biodiversity includes the variety of life on Earth and is fundamental to the resilience and productivity of agricultural systems. However, recent trends indicate a significant decline in biodiversity, leading to unintended consequences for agricultural landscapes globally. A report by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) reveals that the global economy is losing up to $25 trillion annually due to industries like agriculture, energy, and fishing not considering their impact on interconnected crises in nature, climate, and human health.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List update assessed 47,282 tree species, revealing that 38% are at risk of extinction. Trees play a crucial role in ecosystems, supporting numerous plant, animal, and fungal species, which are affected by their decline. In India, biodiversity loss poses significant risks to agriculture and the broader economy. The country has launched its updated National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) to protect at least 30% of its terrestrial, inland water, and marine as well as coastal areas by 2030, aligning with global targets.
The loss of biodiversity has led to several unintended consequences. Monocultures resulting from reduced crop diversity are more susceptible to pests and diseases, leading to higher pesticide use and environmental degradation. Soil degradation is another major concern, as the loss of plant diversity affects soil structure and health, reducing fertility and increasing erosion. As biodiversity declines, essential ecosystem services such as pollination and natural pest control deteriorate, leading to increased costs and financial instability for farmers. These factors combine to create economic instability, making farming less sustainable in the long run.
Addressing, biodiversity loss requires integrated approaches such as organic and conservation agriculture, which enhance biodiversity and improve soil health. Governments must also strengthen legal and institutional frameworks to support the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Incentives for pro-biodiversity initiatives and addressing the core drivers of biodiversity loss can play a crucial role in reversing the damage.
Biodiversity loss has already triggered severe unintended consequences for agricultural landscapes. Implementing sustainable practices, restoring native ecosystems, and enacting supportive policies are imperative steps to mitigate these impacts. Ensuring the resilience of agriculture requires a global commitment to preserving biodiversity for future generations.